RETRACTED: radish Encodes a Phospholipase-A2 and Defines a Neural Circuit Involved in Anesthesia-Resistant Memory

Institute of Biotechnology One of the defining characteristics of memory is that Hsinchu 30043 initially it is labile, but with time it can be consolidated Taiwan to a longer-lasting form that is resistant to disruption. 2 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Immediately after training, for instance, memory can be 1 Bungtown Road disrupted by a variety of anesthetic agents or by electroCold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 convulsive shock [1–7]. Within several hours, however, 3 Watson School of Biological Sciences the effects of these treatments are greatly diminished. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Although the appearance of anesthesia-resistant 1 Bungtown Road forms of memory has been documented in marine inverCold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 tebrates [8, 9], several insect species [2, 10–13], chicks 4 Division of Informatics [14], rodents [15], and humans [16], a genetic disruption Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation of ARM has been accomplished only in Drosophila. In University of Edinburgh radish (rsh) mutants, ARM is defective, and learning 5 Forrest Hill (memory immediately after training) is diminished, but Edinburgh EH1 2QL CREB-dependent LTM is normal [10–12, 17, 18]. ARM United Kingdom decays completely within 4 days and is not blocked by 5 Brain Research Center inhibitors of protein synthesis, whereas LTM lasts more University System of Taiwan than one week and depends on protein synthesis. ARM Hsinchu 30043 also is behaviorally distinct from LTM because it is inTaiwan duced after a single training session or after repetitive